The Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream in Russia

Russia has a known reputation in the ice-cream industry. They are known for their flavorful ice creams that are of a wide flavor varieties. The Ben and Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. founded in Burlington, Vermont decided to have a franchise in Russia, which longs for modernization of its market economy. Since ice-cream is considered as a commodity, they thought of using it as an entry point to strengthen their economic growth. The franchise was named ‘Iceverks’ – Ice Cream of Vermont and Karelia.This was also thought of to bring together diplomacy in America and Russia although there were risks on doing such kind of business, even if Vermont and Karelia are sister cities. There was also an effort of change of political systems from strict social, the communist system, to the democratic political system. The management of Iceverks taught the necessary tools to the employees and managers to equip them for proper and good management strategies.Then suddenly the clima te inside the management changed, with the lessening of the effectiveness in their management because their local partners have become better in equipment to manage the joint venture. With this, they just decided to donate their equipment to the management and the equity to their local partners (Moss, 2000, p. 136). In 1997, Ben and Jerry’s has left Russia, with the Iceverks no longer using Ben and Jerry’s as their brand name.For me, although this happened, we cannot say that the venture was unsuccessful, because the Iceverks was able to maintain their standards for ice cream production and customer satisfaction services, the legacy that the Ben and Jerry’s left for Russian and even other foreign customers. The Ben and Jerry’s intention was not really on the profit but on the development, because instead of withdrawing all the equipment in the Iceverks because they are leaving, they even donated it to them.The corruption in the Mafia also brought about th eir withdrawal of management because of the matter of philosophy. The Ben and Jerry’s did not want to give consent to the bribery or corruption there was just to have protection from the Mafia. The American companies were required to pay 30% more of their profit just to acquire the said protection. Again, the economic shift was hard to attain that time.The mind set of the Russian managers was more on the capitalist ideology, which hinders them from being immediately penetrated by the training they received from the American managers, which the Ben and Jerry’s have given much effort on. Since Ben Cohen, the founder of the Ben and Jerry’s, is more of the ideal businessman, he was more of a diplomatic and socially responsible person. He did not care much of the money involved in the business. But then, there was an observed loss of jobs because the company has enormous money loss that could not support the work force any longer.As mentioned above, the Russian partn ers, who are in profit maximization, decided to split up with the Ben and Jerry’s, which made B&J just leave and leave their equipment to them. Leaving the Iceverks was somehow a much better decision than staying, because eventually the political system will eat them with their principles. In fact, they have succeeded in other countries like Japan, France and the UK, applying the same business strategies. It was a good decision to leave also because of the very unstable economy, with lots of financial risks, etc.that have affected much of their transactions, from simple packing to large machineries and refrigerators, etc. The big cultural differences also contributed to their decision, because they do not have the total control and regulation of the political and philosophical missions and visions of the company, since it is a joint venture. Reference Moss, L. S. (2000). Bankruptcy Reform in Russia: The Case for Creditor Rights in Russia. Review of Russian Economics, 13, 121- 146.

A Reading of My Papa’s Waltz Essay

Theodore Roethke’s â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† speaks of how a daughter is able to see past the defects of her father with such adoring calm and respect. The poem is playful and innocent, the choice of words child-like, and the rhyme measured at a pace of a child’s anxious breathing. Yet a sense of caution rings true throughout, right from the very first lines down to the end of the poem. There is the unmistakable obedient but anxious anticipation in the part of the child upon seeing his father coming home drunk again. Also, perhaps because of the regularity of her â€Å"waltz† with her father the speaker has committed the details to memory. Waltz as a metaphor for action in the poetry tallies with the words romp—a boisterous frolic; dizzy, slid, step, scraped, beat, time and cling to the shirt among others (Roethke). Literally, waltz is dancing to fast music. The steps are not measured, oftentimes wild but still remains rhythmic and moves to a tune. It is danced with both partners holding to each other for dear life—so to speak, lest one should be thrown off from the repetitive twirls. As it were, at first reading, the poem may admit of several interpretations, yet by giving color to every word that sense which will result from all of the parts taken together, along with death, battered, hard, dirt, whiskey and so on, there is enough that can be gathered to support the conclusion that the â€Å"waltz† as used in the poem, means the abuse of a daughter by a drunk father (Roethke). However, although the work may be largely read as a re-telling of an incident where a father beats his daughter, the way that Roethke plays with the words and imagery makes the work open to several readings: Ones that may not necessarily lean towards violence and abuse. It is easy to read the work with a different view altogether. Nevertheless, the freedom of interpretation is granted solely to the reader due to the multiple meanings that the words and imagery, used in the poetry, convey. At any rate, the use of waltz to describe the beating was a clever touch in that it subtly shows the young girl’s abject fear to a point where harsh and hostile words, from an otherwise meek and mild tone, would only lessen the claim that the beating is regular and harsh. The message is clear that because of the frequency and extent of violence, the young girl is rendered unable to speak ill of the father in this poem but instead is beaten to absolute dread and horror to which only forced obedience is her only weapon. Thus, it would seem that they have danced the â€Å"waltz† before and nothing that eventually happens in the poem is something new or is happening for the first time. The speaker’s recollection of the details is remarkable underscoring the fact that what happened is still fresh in her memory or so etched in her mind so deeply that missing out a fact is impossible. There is the possibility of repetition felt at the end since the speaker makes it a point to show that this shall not be the last time—whilst she clung (desperately) to her dad’s shirt. She knows that it she will have to â€Å"waltz† with her papa soon enough that she prostrates herself at the end of that violent episode, hoping against all hope that there shall no longer be any in the future (Roethske). In the same vein, the poem is addressed to the father, waxing poetry with a meek letter of demand for the beating to stop. The over-all tone and style is apologetic and wishful in manner and in part. It is a technique used to show the attempt of the girl to appeal to the father’s emotions without so much as being violent in the treatment if only not to anger her father in the process. Moreover, the use of the word â€Å"waltz† as an ironic imagery reveals the mental age of the speaker. Consequently, these are hints of the young girl’s age since her tenderness and impressionability as a child coincides with the average year that a girl normally dreams of becoming a princess who waltzes with her prince. Instead, in this instance, it is the young girl and her father—who reeks with alcohol; with the crammed kitchen space as their dance floor, the cluttering of falling pans as the resounding applause; and a helpless mother, whose â€Å"countenance could not unfrown itself† (Roethke), looking on.

Hollywood Constructions of Gender Essay

Hollywood had portrayed a variety of different categories of heroes in its cinematic history. None has been more important to film than the superhero and the Western. Both superheroes and Western heroes are considered tough and ready to conquer the evils of the world. Any actor playing Superman is able to portray the â€Å"Man of Steel† simply by putting on the red cape while John Wayne and Clint Eastwood embody the characteristics of true Western heroes. Male superheroes and Western heroes have dominated the big screen for many decades however; there are contradictory mythologies that these heroes also embody. These are discussed as they relate to superheroes and Western heroes. The role women play in establishing traits of these heroes is also analyzed. There hasn’t been another actor who has so captivated audiences with his portrayal of Superman as Christopher Reeve did in Superman in 1978. In this movie, Superman is really an alien from Krypton who has been sent to Earth before his home planet explodes. On Earth he is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent who raise them as their own son, Clark. Clark works at a newspaper and embodies a certain gentle persona (Donner, 1978; Engle, 744). The contradictory mythology surrounding Superman is that he is a mild mannered man in the form of Clark Kent but is a â€Å"man of steel† with superhuman powers when he takes on the characteristics of Superman (Engle, 744). Superman has dominated Hollywood since Christopher Reeve played him in 1978 because of his undying efforts to save the world from the clutches of evil (Engle, 744). In Superman, Christopher Reeve must save the world from the evil plots devised by Lex Luthor to launch missiles in order to make a fortune in real estate (Donner, 1978). The audience is counting on Superman to save the day and this is what makes Superman a true superhero. The American people know that they can count of Superman to rid the world of evil and this why Superman has continued to dominate the big screen in several remakes since the 1978 classic. Throughout Superman, Christopher Reeve is pursuing Lois Lane who is pursuing Superman (Donner, 1978). The superhero pursuing a beautiful female gives some human characteristics to hero status. Clark Kent was unable to persuade Lois Lane to go out with him but had she known that he was really Superman she would have loved nothing less. The beautiful female pursuing the hero gives credibility to his hero status (Seger, 317). Women have allowed male heroes to dominate the big screen because they have secret fantasies of a superhero swooping in and saving them from their troubles. Therefore, superheroes provide something for everyone. Small boys embody hero characteristics through play, men enjoy hero movies because of the action and the overcoming of evil and women enjoy these movies because of the desire to have a big, strong superhero risk life and limb to save them. Western heroes have also dominated the big screen for decades. The Wild West caused great fear in many civilized people from the East (Engle, 747). The Western hero was able to portray attempts to tame the Wild West through â€Å"independence, self-reliance, personal honor, sympathy with nature, and ethical uses of violence† (Engle, 747). John Wayne was one such actor who truly embodied the characteristics of a Western hero. In The Searchers, John Wayne plays a Civil War veteran who is searching for his abducted niece. It takes place during a time when the west was still considered wild. Wayne internalizes the Western hero characteristic of independence because the movie opens and no one knows where he has been for the past three years (Ford, 1956). In this way he is also showing his own self-reliance. He is a typical Western hero because he is a loner and takes care of himself without needing anyone else along for the ride. Wayne decides to search for his niece but doesn’t call in many people to help in his search (Ford, 1956). Similarly, Wayne was able to show personal honor through his personal quest to find his abducted niece. Finally, John Wayne is typically associated with cowboy hats and guns blazing in to save the day. He uses violence in an ethical manner in The Searchers because he feels it is his personal duty to track down his niece and he is willing to go to whatever lengths necessary to do so (Ford, 1956). Since characters like John Wayne stood for what good American boys should want to be (Engle, 747) there was no shortage of female pursuers. The contradictory mythology surrounding Western heroes is that they appear rough and tough on the outside but have a gentle nature that isn’t revealed to just anyone (Engle 747). This is opposite of the superhero characteristics that show an everyday normal person morphing into a rough and tough hero sent to save the day. Western heroes are considered brave men as compared to the more civilized men of the East. Men who were brave enough to saddle up and head West were considered heroes because of their lack of fear of the â€Å"wild† west (Engle, 747). Therefore, women longed to attract the attentions of a Western hero because they would feel safe and protected with such a brave, strong man around. Villains help mold a superhero or Western hero into an American icon. Superheroes avoid their arch enemy because the enemy has discovered their weakness and tries to use to defeat the superhero. Villains in Western films are usually the outlaws or Indians that must be defeated in order to preserve a peaceful and safe place to live. The villain in hero movies represents some sort of adversity that must be overcome (Seger, 317). In the case of Lex Luthor, Superman must overcome the greed that he portrayed in order to save the world and keep it a safe and prosperous place (Donner, 1978). In the case of John Wayne, the villains he had to defeat were the ones who stood in the way of finding his niece (Ford, 1956). The villains force the heroes to go to whatever length is necessary in order to reach their goal. Superman had to overcome the evil Lex Luthor in order to save Lois Lane and John Wayne had to overcome his adversaries in order to save his abducted niece. Therefore, villains push heroes to change and grow in order to remain true heroes. Superheroes and Western heroes are both considered hyper masculine. They are what embody the true definition of a hero. They are willing to put their own lives on the line to save the lives of others. Hero stories are myths simply because one person is not capable of ridding the world of evil and saving everyone in trouble. Myths help humans create a vision of where they would like to go and what they would like to do. Myths take the injustices of the world and give humans hope for change (Seger, 317). What makes heroes so heroic is that they live rather simple lives until the call to action is sent out. Superman is really Clark Kent who is a newspaper reporter. John Wayne is a Civil War veteran just like so many other men during the time of the Wild West. The difference between normal humans and heroes is that heroes take it upon themselves to make the world a better place (Seger, 317). This is why myths are so contradictory. The heroes take on human characteristics but underneath they possess superhuman abilities to fight evil. â€Å"Myths bring depth to the hero story† (Seger, 326). Hero myths have the power to dominate the big screen because they allow humans to imagine the contradictory aspects of heroes being incorporated into their own lives. Small children will play hero games endlessly as they dream of growing up and saving the day. However, this desire to rid the world of evil doesn’t go away as a child gets older. Instead, it grows stronger as adults realize that mythological heroes are unlikely to exist. However, humans return again and again to theaters to see hero movies because they provide hope for the future. They allow humans the ability to hold onto childhood dreams that they can be heroes and superheroes and Western heroes embody those desirable characteristics: bravery and strength.

Affirmative action Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Affirmative action - Dissertation Example As the report declares Affirmative Action is expressed through the formulation of agencies such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which ensures that all forms of discrimination at the workplace are avoided as far as possible. For example, one of the forms of discrimination that exists as the workplace, especially among police officers, is sexual discrimination and harrassment towards members of both sexes. The term harassment is a wide ranging one and is not restricted merely to the coercion into the sexual act. It includes any and all forms of unwanted sexual attention, or sexual coercion, gender sneer or suggestive subtext. Discriminatory behavior could result in verbal and physical abuse of a criminal in an inferior position with a law enforcement officer. This discussion stresses that at the workplace, sexual harassment of women police officers becomes particularly distressing for the victim because of the enforced nature of the contact and the necessity to endure the unpleasantness for the sake of retaining one’s job and the source of one’s daily income. In the United States, harassment is defined simply as a hostile work environment where unwanted are demands are made to directly or indirectly interfere with a person’s employment and interfere with the individual’s performance – affirmative action helps to address these concerns. Affirmative action is even more necessary in the employment of police officers.

What are the roles of men and women in marriage Essay

What are the roles of men and women in marriage - Essay Example He indicated this when He said "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him" (Genesis 2:18). God formed woman to round out mans incompleteness, so that physically, socially, emotionally, intellectually, and even spiritually, male and female would not be rivals, but mates (Coblentz, 141-178). It is worthwhile to note that God created man and woman on the same day with equal identity. That is, both were made in the image of God (Gen. 1:24-31) and both were given the mandate by God to "be fruitful and multiply and subdue the earth" (Gen. 1:28). God also formed woman from mans side (Gen. 2:21-22) as a helper comparable to him (Gen.2:18). The man and his wife were to become one flesh (Gen. 2:24). The home is the basic unit of society. In Genesis 2:24 we read, "Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh". Thus marriage and the home were established by God Himself and it was intended to l ast a lifetime (Matt. 19:6-9, Mal. 2:14-16). During the last few decades cultural changes has redefined the meaning and responsibilities of man and woman in society and in the home. However, there exist a lot of confusion regarding their roles. Many men are confused and insecure. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a good role model for leadership at home and they have no mental picture of what it means to lead a family. The Bible makes it clear that while men and women are inherently equal (Gen. 1:27, I Cor. 11:11-12), the man is to take the leadership role in the home (Eph. 5:22-24, I Pet. 3:1-7, I Cor. 11:3,7-10, Gen. 1:26-27, Gen. 5, Gen. 18:19 etc.). This relates not only to the wife, but to the children as well (Eph. 6:4, Deut. 6:6-8, Prov. 3). In the scriptures true meaning of Christian marriage is mentioned in Ephesians 5:22-32 – â€Å"Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the

World Civilization II Unit 5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

World Civilization II Unit 5 - Research Paper Example World War I also led to another revolution that brought Adolf Hitler to power. World War I also caused world instability that would not be enjoyed for thousands of years to come. The war also led to mass loss of millions of lives of civilians and soldiers. It is estimated that about 1.39 million soldiers died in which the British deaths were 800,000 (Haley, 2014). The war also led to signing of Treaty of Versailles that precipitated the rise of second major war (Grimshaw, 2008). The other major consequences were felt in Germany. It made Germany lose its territory and greatly affected the economy of German. The major of aim of the treaty was to make Germany a weak country (Haley, 2014). After Hitler had come to power, he knew that the only way to liberate his country from economic sabotage is through war. Additionally, the League of Nations failed to keep the peace (Haley, 2014). In this scenario, most countries abandoned the League of Nations resulting in its closure. Since there was no international body to prevent world wars, this lead to the outbreak of the second world war in 1939 (Haley, 2014). In conclusion, the First World War resulted in the long-term effects on the world. There was mass loss of life and property, and infrastructure was destroyed. An example of this defect includes children being born with abnormalities resulting from this war. The problems associated with WWI led to the outbreak of WW2. The Treaty of Versailles was a major contributor of the war because it directly had an economic sabotage on German (Grimshaw, 2008). It is clear that various effects of the war are evident in different parts of the world up to date. Haley, Kathleen. (2014). 100 Years after WWI: The Lasting Impacts of the Great War. Retrieved on 9 February 2015 from

360 Degree Feedback Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

360 Degree Feedback - Case Study Example This is so because unlike traditional review process, 360 degree feedback involves the ratings and comments of not only immediate supervisors and bosses, but also peers, colleagues, subordinates and even some outsiders. Thus, the person getting rated might feel uncomfortable or not ready to accept feedback from so many people or employees falling below him in the hierarchy level. Thus, 360 degree feedback first needs to be aligned with that of the corporate strategy and specific objective needs to be specified for its implementation. Whatever has been specified above is missing from Landon’s initiative of 360 degree feedback. Sam Glass, who is one of the supervisors and person responsible for looking after 360 degree feedback process is himself unsure of the fact that whether it is used as a performance appraisal tool or for chalking out future compensation plan. Following it, it cannot be denied that even more unawareness will be spread amongst the employees of Landon regardi ng the purpose and benefits of 360 degree feedback process. As already mentioned by Alex in the opening paragraphs, this tool was suggested by the Vice-President of Avant-Garde’s Consumer Products Division. Thus, no evidence of this tool being aligned to corporate strategy or specific objectives charted out is visible. ... Numerous modifications and changes are required in the way Landon is proceeding with its 360 degree feedback process. First and foremost, it needs to state in clear terms what actually it wants to achieve with this tool- just evaluating the performance of its employees or devising compensation, training and development plans based on feedbacks received. One thing important to note here is this tool cannot be used for a single problem employee. Also, it should not be used at times when the organization or one of its departments are going a change or revamping in any way. This might be one of the reasons why Alex is uncomfortable with this system of feedback because he was made responsible to restructure the marketing of two product lines. Definitely he might have used some measures or actions which brought out his tough, uncaring and ambitious personality traits which get accounted for in the feedback and can face repercussion for those temporary actions and behavior. Secondly, organi zation wide communication has to be undertaken by Landon to ensure that each and every member of the organization knows and understand well the concept. Employees cannot connect with this form of rating unless and until they perceive security and benefits for them. Raters should be chosen keeping in mind the surrounding network of the person being rated. Regular query handling session should also be incorporated by Landon to make sure that employees are positive towards this concept and do not feel that organization is using this tool as a means to kick them off their jobs. Question 2 360 degree feedback is a tool to modify behaviors of employees and align them with that of the corporate mission and strategy. The 360 degree feedback tool comprises of data and comments from

Geographic context, political and economic attributes and identify and Research Paper

Geographic context, political and economic attributes and identify and examine the forces that hook Australia into the global ec - Research Paper Example Most of the employment in the country takes place in the capital cities of the states. Moreover, the Australian Securities Exchange is ranked 9th in the world and it acts as the home of the largest commodity companies in the world such as Commonwealth Bank, Westpac Telstra and BHP Billiton. The country is also a member of WTO, G20, APEC and OECD. In addition, globalization has allowed the country to enter into free trade agreements with countries such as Thailand, US, Chile, New Zealand and ASEAN (Lowtax). Therefore, the advances that have been observed in the global economy have contributed to improved living standards and poverty reduction. Moreover, the economic integration among countries has played a vital role in terms of boosting the prosperity of nations. For example, the advances that have been observed in the global economy have allowed Australia to increase its domestic competition thereby improving its economic performance significantly. Moreover, Australia is competitive internationally since it is regarded as one of the largest importer of goods and services (Economy Watch). Therefore, this paper will discuss the geographical, economic and political attributes that have allowed Australia to participate in the global economy effectively. ... The country has varied climatic conditions, incredible wildlife, beaches and fabulous landscapes which serve as tourist destination sites for people who visit from diverse countries around the world. It has a low plateau which are either deserts or semi-arid areas. It also has a fertile plateau in the south-east region. Moreover, it has large deposits of minerals which service the local and international markets. The mining industry serves as the main driving force of the economy (Beer). Therefore, the geographical context of Australia plays a vital role in terms of fostering the participation of Australia in the global economy. Political attributes Though Australia appears to be isolated, it is an active participant in world politics. The political links of Australia are mostly favored by its geographical location as well as the priorities that its sets with regard to trade and foreign policies. For example, Australia is seen to be facing challenges in the near future. In this case, it is feared that the performance of the global economy may deteriorate. Australia also plays a vital role by impacting on the trends that are being realized in the international business environment. For example, the foreign policies in Australia impact on globalization and the transactions that are carried out internationally (Red Apple Education Ltd). The priority areas of Australia include the US and Asia-Pacific countries such as China and Japan. Australia is linked with other countries politically because of the viability of its international treaties, investment agreements, foreign affairs, trade agreements and defense treaties. Therefore, it is evident that Australia is a major player with regard to influencing the manner in which international business activities are

Personal Reflection Paper (Ethic class) Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Reflection Paper (Ethic class) - Thesis Example Had hooker chemicals ltd taken into consideration ethics in their decision to sell the site in which toxic waste had been buried. Asserting from Ethics without Sermon it could have been possible to prevent the hazardous implications if this company and the Niagara Fall school. In the examination of ethics of business decision the following questions are crucial before any action of implementation is taken. The question which needs to be addressed before making any business decision among others may include. This question is important because it conceptualizes the expected results and implications of a decision made. Consequences and probable results are outlined, these outlined questions are used to weigh if the decision made have good or hazardous implications. Hooker chemicals intention to sell the site buried with intoxicated waste should have been first examined by this question and the concept of ethics put into consideration (Nash 2010). The company had the knowledge in regard to implication in case of human habitation and settlement and they went ahead with their intention despite the knowledge. Also the board members of Niagara Falls school were also aware with the presence of toxic and went ahead with their intention to buy the site. The decisions made by the two entities did not cross check with the likely results and the implication was that a human and environmental disaster occurred. This question concerning ethics examination demarcates between intentional or non-intentional cause of injury to various stakeholders. In the case of love canal taking into consideration the knowledge limits of the two parties in regard to the presence of buried toxic waste in the site the injury caused to the stakeholders can be asserted to be intentional (Ferrell 2012). Hooker chemicals were unethical in burying toxic waste perfectly

Bibliography on Human Impact on Global Warming Annotated

On Human Impact on Global Warming - Annotated Bibliography Example By observing various communities in the ‘Land Down Under,’ the researchers came to draw the conclusion that the practices of the people are pro-environment, and in fact these people organize activities that aim to instill environmentalism in their neighborhoods. Bradshaw, C. J., Sodhi, N. S., & Brook, B. W. (2008). Tropical turmoil: a biodiversity tragedy in progress. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, (7) 2, 79-87. Retrieved from http://www.frontiersinecology.org/current_issue/bradshaw.pdf The review explained how the world has lost the battle of preserving its tropical forests. It further denoted the habitat loss and the potentiality of disaster it has on biodiversity and human health. The locales of the study were the rain forests, savannas and mangroves in select regions across the globe. It inferred that the loss and degradation of essential ecosystem functions (e.g. pollination, carbon sequestration, water cycling) and services (eg. flood mitigation, topsoil retention, non-timber forest products) are harming billions of people living in tropical countries, and that poor governance and corruption are some of the key socioeconomic threats to tropical biodiversity conservation Butler, R. A., & Laurance, W. F. (2008). New strategies for conserving tropical forests. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, (23) 9, 469-472. Retrieved from http://www.ecology.ethz.ch/ education/Resilience_Stuff/Butler_and_Laurance_2008.pdf The scholarly work focused on how to combat the rapid deforestation rates by setting as an example the practices of large transnational corporations. Utilizing the data provided by the United Nations Population Division, it noted the severe conditions of the tropical forests in Latin America, Africa and Asia and... This study elucidated how poor nations contribute to the worldwide degradation of the environment and pollution. It remarked that while wealthy nations have relatively large industries, some countries in the Third World also operate manufacturing sites that are hazardous to the environment and deplete finite resources, which can be considered as exemplifications of capitalism. The authors also included the everyday practices of the rural folks in destroying forests and polluting the rivers and other bodies of water. The collaborative venture of these environmentalists underscored how the population and wealth of nations positively correlated with the level of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. They concluded that rich nations, where industrialization and urbanization are concentrated, have tremendous impacts to the natural environment than that of the poor ones. The output of the study was a stochastic version of the Impact = Population-Affluence-Technology (IPAT) model to accurately estimate the effects of population, affluence, and technology on national CO2 emissions.Their research surveyed a sample of more than one thousand people across the United States and found out that 75% of them considers themselves as ‘environmentalists.’ They purported the role of popular culture in the advent of Environmental America that has begun since the 1960’s. The book outlined the various human activities that gradually altered the face of the planet. It also implicated the society on its role in environmental degradation.

The Importance of Music Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Music Essay Music has infiltrated every aspect of our society and culture during the course of thousands of years. In ancient Greece, music where everywhere from the slums to the palaces, today is no different. Music exists everywhere in our society and culture today and does an excellent job of reflecting it. Looking through the history of music, one can learn a lot since it reflects the time in which it was produced; the hardships of the slaves in early America, the economic success of the 20’s, the worldwide conflicts and peacekeeping movements of the cold war and the difficulties and acceptance of homosexuals in the 80’s. My question is; how does music influence us on a personal and global level? Music is an excellent medium to express oneself due to the wide variety of relevant subject matters available, every person in the world will relate to at least one song one way or the other. Music can help us express how we feel when words are not enough or just won’t come to us, this can be seen in the novel ‘Perks of being a wallflower’ where the protagonist Charlie has a hard time explaining himself to the people around him. He uses music to reflect his feelings, an example of this can be the making of mix tapes that he makes to his friends to convoy a message to them or simply to give them a brief view into his mind. Music means a lot to me and I have developed a very broad musical taste over the years. I listen to music every day and use it to calm down, get hyped, and blow off steam or to simply pass time. In today’s society, music is used to regulate moods, market products and spread messages. Most people come in contact with music every day and each one of us have a unique musical taste; this makes music a billion dollar industry and a huge part of society. Throughout history, music has spread entire cultures around the globe such as punk, hippie and rap. This makes music enormously relevant in the context of globally spread subcultures. Music also reflects nationality and heritage; it can help us understand more about ourselves, our heritage as well as how others live, in different cultures even. Music is an effective and widespread medium to spread ideals and ideas, about the past, present and the future. Music is in the end something that binds us all together as a culture, ever since pre-historic tribes developed proto-instruments and chanting around the campfire, this has been the case. People can come together and share music with each other, completely different individuals can still socialize and interact due to a common musical interest, this is the case in the novel per example.  Music enables us to share and interact on a different level, music has always existed in some form, and I believe it always will. Alicia’s comments: I think Felix did a very well written essay about the importance of music. He shows that he has thought about how the music has evolved through the years and how it affects us. He explains what music means to him and what kind of symbolic importance music have to many people. He also does a comparison to the novel The perks of being a wallflower and explains what kind of importance music have in the novel and for the main character Charlie. To support his thoughts of the importance of music in â€Å"The perks of being a wallflower† even more, he could have given examples from certain situations in the novel. He could have referenced from the novel or written quotes to support his thoughts. To make a comparison I think he should have mentioned another novel or film where music is a central theme.

Is Animal Testing Really Necessary Essay Example for Free

Is Animal Testing Really Necessary Essay Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what is involved. Whether it is referred to as animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it means the experimentation carried out on animals. Experimental animal testing has been one of the highest debated issues for many years. Animal testing is used for numerous products and applications. Everything from toiletries to medications has likely been tested on animals at some point prior to their distribution (Murnaghan). Animal testing can be conducted anywhere from a university to a military defense establishment, wherever there is a need for testing a product. Products to be tested will range from cosmetics to pesticides and anything in-between. Animal testing has been around for over 500 years, since the early 17th century, though testing for cosmetic purposes did not start until the 1930s. Animal testing has been highly debated for many years for whether it is moral, ethical, humane, right, wrong, just, fair, etcetera. Many people stand against animal testing because they feel that it is unfair treatment to animals since animals do not have a say in the matter. On the other side of the argument, people fight for animal testing because it allows for prescription drugs and medicines to be tested. Both sides have their valid points, animal testing can be seen as cruel, especially when there are alternatives that can be used, but also, even with alternatives, testing on animals is still sometimes necessary in order to get the needed results. In a debate between Laurie Pycroft, one of the founders of Pro-Test, and Helen Marston, head of Humane Research Australia, the two go back and forth about animal testing and its potential alternatives. Pycroft starts out the debate by explaining the complexity of the human body and how no investigative tool can â€Å"fully replicate the intricacy of a living organism† (Pycroft). Marston returns fire by talking about why animals are not good models for human medicine. She makes the point that animals are â€Å"anatomically, genetically, and metabolically† different from humans (Pycroft). Pycroft continues to bring up different examples of how using animals for research has helped make medical advances for humans, while Marston seems to continue to revolve around the same idea of there being alternatives, but she does not really expand on any one topic, just that there are alternatives. Thomas Hartung talks about the alternatives to animal testing. One of the things Hartung mentions is an experiment done in 2006, â€Å"when the TeGenero anti-CD28 antibody, after testing safe at 500-times higher concentrations in monkeys, [it still] led to multiple organ failure within hours in six human volunteers† (Hartung). Thus, providing an argument against animal testing because sometimes, even when animal testing provides positive results, it does not mean that the same result will be present when human trials are done. Many people believe that animal testing is only about testing cosmetics or new drug therapies, however, there are many different uses for animal testing, and Timothy Musch et al discuss some of those uses. â€Å"Animal studies play a part in the initial development of candidate drugs, and the development and testing of medical devices and surgical procedures. Even more crucial, animal research informs clinical research by building the foundation of biological knowledge† (Musch et al). There are so many things that the testing of animals can help to improve. Some things, such as the development of insulin, antibiotics, vaccines, and drugs with high mortality rates, are all because of high contribution from animal testing (Murnaghan). On the flip side though, Alison Abbott points out, â€Å"Every time you reach for an eye drop or reapply a lip salve, you do so confident that the chemicals they contain are safe to use. But the toxicology test on which regulators rely to gather this information are stuck in a time warp, and are largely based on wasteful and often poorly predictive animal experiments† (Abbott). Abbott talks about a legislation called REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) and how it planned to â€Å"make registration mandatory for both future and existing chemicals – even those that have been on the market for decades† (Abbott). As a result of reach, it was expected that millions more animals would be used in order to meet the necessary requirements. 5,000 animals – that is up to how many test subjects could be used for each chemical; if it is a pesticide that number jumps to 12,000. The estimated cost of running these tests on the unregistered (approximately 30,000) chemicals is between â‚ ¬5 billion (US$6 billion) and â‚ ¬10 billion (US$13 billion) (Abbott). In order to test one single chemical for cancer causing potential, it takes five years, involves 400 rats (each of which is treated with the maximum tolerated dose), and more than 50% of the results are positive, even worse, of that 50%, 90% are false positives (Abbott). In looking more at the argumentative side, there are two general views: in favor of animal testing or against animal testing. Many people lean towards being against animal testing because they feel it is cruel, inhumane, and unfair to the animals. Now on the other hand, a lot of people are in favor of animal testing because it helps to test medicines, medical procedures and other necessities. Animals do not have a voice of their own; they need people to speak for them, to fight for them, and to protect them. Many companies, while attempting to verify their products are safe for humans, will perform various tests on animals. Animals are used for testing a wide variety of chemicals and products such as drugs, vaccines, cosmetics, household cleaners, and pesticides. As written by Delmas Luedke, â€Å"Animals are exposed to too much suffering; especially when there are many alternatives to testing on animals† (Animals and Research). If there are alternatives for research, why test on animals? There are new alternatives being created, such as realistic software models. The first realistic software models of human and animal organs are starting to emerge – potentially replacing some of the 50 to 100 million animals used each year for scientific research† (Biever). With different types of software emerging, it is very possible for other software to be produced in future years and animal tests could be completely replaced. When doing medical, cosmetic, or any other type of re search, animals should not be used or abused because it is cruel and harmful to the animals being used for testing. On the opposing side, some people believe that it is okay to harm animals in order to discover cures and generate medicines, although animal testing can lead to antibiotics, vaccines, and other treatments being produced, there are other ways that those same products could be produced – without harming animals. According to Cynthia Pekow, â€Å"Although polls say that most Americans accept that research animals are needed to advance medical science, many people feel squeamish thinking about animals used in experimentation†(â€Å"Animals in Research†). People do not feel squeamish because their medicines are being tested on animals; they are squeamish because animals are being harmed in the process. While good things have come from testing on animals, it is just not worth the pain and torture that they are put through. One reason why testing on animals should be illegal is because it is a cruel and inhumane way to do research, and it is unfair because animals have no voice of their own. Jackie Powder states that, â€Å"It was a furor over the alleged mistreatment of rabbits by a cosmetics giant that set the stage for the creation of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing† (Powder). CAAT works with scientists, government regulators, and other advocates to identify alternatives to the use of animals in testing thousands of chemicals. Humans are capable of giving their consent in order to be tested on, while animals are not. Animals have no voice of their own to speak with. They cannot tell anyone when something hurts; they cannot tell anyone when something does not feel right; they cannot tell anyone if they do not want to participate in the testing anymore. A second reason for not testing on animals is because there is no moral reason to test on animals when the results may not even be accurate. There have also been many alternatives that have proven to be more accurate than using animals. â€Å"Using animals is unreliable and inaccurate because of great differences between animals and humans. Non-animal tests take less time to complete, cost only a fraction of what the animal experiments the non-animal tests replace costs, and are not overwhelmed with species diversity that make inferring results difficult or impossible† (Stop the use, ). Virtual models, such as the ones at Insilicomed in Lo Jolla, California, are being created. At Insilicomed they are using a virtual heart to simulate the interaction between the organ and a pacemaker, on behalf of a manufacturer. The device is initially tested in both animals and software to ensure that the models accurately replicating what happens in real life, but subsequent test to refine the properties the pacemaker’s leads are done in software alone† (Biever). With these models being produced, fewer animals will b e used in experiments. Whenever there is a chance to replace animal tests, those chances should be pursued so that fewer animals will be used. On the alternative side of the argument, there are multiple reasons why animal testing is a good thing. For starters, animal testing has helped to create many of the medicines in our world. The kinds of benefits from animal research that researchers have made in understanding and treating diseases would not have been possible without animal research. Many people argue about how it is cruel and inhumane to animals; well would they rather it was humans being tested? Maybe they would like to send their brother or sister in for experimental testing? While animal testing may seem cruel, the hypothetical alternative is even worse. Scientists are attempting to develop worthy alternatives to testing on animals, but some things are not quite as easy to come up with an alternative. Both sides of the argument have very good points, however, despite the fact that it can be seen as cruel and inhumane to the animals (from a person’s perspective), animal testing is, at this point in time, a necessity. There are many drugs and medical procedures that may not be here today if it were not for animal testing. Testing on animals may be inhumane to them, but it is better to be inhumane to an animal than to a human.

Parental Relationships and Father Absence Association Study

Parental Relationships and Father Absence Association Study Table of Results. Table One. Differences in Mate Preferences Between Father Absent and Father Present Girls as Assessed Using Mann-Whitney. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Two. Spearman’s Correlations Between Mother-Child Relationships and Mate Preferences Within British and Chinese Girls Regardless of Parental Presence. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Three. Spearman’s Correlations Between Father-Child Relationships and Mate Preferences Within British and Chinese Girls Regardless of Parental Presence. ns – not significant (two tailed). Table Four. Differences in Mate Preference Between Girls Whose Parents Split Before They Were 13 and Those Who Split After They Were 13. Table Five. Differences in Mate Preferences Between British and Chinese Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood. Table Six. Differences in Mate Preferences Within Chinese Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood as Compared to Those Whose Fathers were Present. Table Seven. Differences in Mate Preferences Within British Girls Whose Fathers Were Absent During Childhood as Compared to Those Whose Fathers were Present. Discussion. This study examined the association between parental relationships and father absence on a number of aspects of female mate preferences in a sample of 103 Chinese and 48 British adolescent girls. There were three main aims. Firstly, to assess whether there is an association between parent-daughter relationships and subsequent mate choice. In order to assess whether there were differences in mate selection between father absent and father present girls, those girls who stated that they had either never lived with their father (3%) or that their parents were separated and they lived with their mother (25.6%), were compared to those girls whose parents were together (55%), who had never lived with their mother (1.5%) and whose parents were separated and lived with their father (3%). Those individuals who stated that they had never lived with their biological parents (2.3%), or who stated that they belonged to the category ‘other’ (3%), were excluded from this analysis. The results presented in table one reveal that there are significant differences between girls whose fathers were absent and girls whose fathers were present within a number of variables, thus supporting the hypothesis proposed. Girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about the economic suitability of their future partners and were also significantly more concerned about the commitment of their future partners, than girls whose fathers were not present. It was also thought important to assess the possibility that the timing of parental separation was influential in subsequent mate choice. In order to assess this, those individuals whose parents were separated, were categorised according to whether this split occurred before, or after, they were 13 years old and differences in mate selection were compared between the two groups. There were no significant differences observed between girls whose parents split up before they were 13 and girls whose parents split up afterwards, although there are two near significant relationships of note. Girls whose parents split up before they were 13 were more likely to desire sexual intercourse earlier on in a relationship and in addition they were more likely to desire short term partners who were younger than themselves. In order to further assess whether there is a relationship between parent-daughter relationships and subsequent mate choice Spearman’s correlations were conducted for the sample as a whole on the data provided about the parent-child interaction and the mate selection variables. These results were presented in tables two and three. In terms of the mother-daughter relationship, significant positive correlations were observed between both the mother’s care and the partner’s age in both short and long term relationships. A significant negative correlation is also apparent between the mother’s overprotection and economic resources and a significant positive correlation between the mother’s overprotection and cues to commitment. In terms of the father-daughter relationship a significant negative correlation is observed between father’s care and the girls concerns about their future partners economic resourcefulness, this is in support of the findings observed within the mother-daughter relationship and suggests that a strong parental relationship (within both mothers and fathers) is related to less economic concerns, possibly because these girls anticipate that they can reply on their immediate family if they get into financial strife. In addition there are significant positive correlations observed between father’s care and the girls desire to have a long term partner who was older than themselves. In terms of the father’s overprotection there are significant negative correlations observed with both the partner’s short term and long term age. The positive correlation observed between parental care and the girls desire to have partners who are considerably older than themselves is difficult to explain. Presumably this reflects positively on the girls respect for their elders. This conclusion is backed up by the fact that there is a negative correlation observed between the father’s overprotection and the girls desire to have partners older than themselves, e.g. the greater the level of father’s overprotection the more likely the girls are to desire younger partners. It should be borne in mind when interpreting the results in tables two and three that these conclusions are based solely on correlative data and thus the direction of causation cannot be determined. The second hypothesis was to assess whether there are differences in mate choices between British and Chinese girls whose father’s were absent during their childhood. In order to assess this, individuals whose father’s were present (defined as above) were excluded from the analysis and differences between British and Chinese girls whose fathers were absent were examined using Mann Whitney. The results support the hypothesis proposed in that there are significant differences. Amongst girls whose fathers were absent during their childhood, there are significant differences between the Chinese and the British girls according to two of the variables assessed. British girls were significantly more concerned about the parental investments that would be made by their partners than Chinese girls. This may be a consequence of differences in culture. For example it is possible that British girls have an increased expectation of male parental investment given that in Britain women are more likely to work full time alongside men and are more career orientated. In addition, Chinese girls were significantly more interested than British girls in having short term partners who were older than themselves, although this difference was not apparent for long term partner preferences. The time of first sexual intercourse is also worthy of note in this context given that the significance levels fall just outside those which are traditionally accepted. Chinese girls were more likely to wait longer than British girls before having sexual intercourse with a partner for the first time again this is likely to reflect cultural differences between China and Britain. The third and final aim was to assess whether there are differences between father absent and father present girls of either Chinese or British origin (see tables six and seven). Within Chinese girls there are significant differences between those whose fathers were present and those whose fathers were absent according to both economic resources and cues to commitment. Chinese girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about economic resourcefulness and were significantly less concerned about cues to commitments, than Chinese girls whose fathers were absent. Within British girls it is revealed that those whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about cues to commitment then those whose fathers were absent. This stands in direct contrast to that observed within Chinese girls and it is presumed that this is a consequence of cultural differences. It is possible that British girls were more concerned about commitment because of the increased sexual liberation within Britain compared to China, while the Chinese girls were more concerned about economic provision because of sexual suppression in China and the increased difficulty in going out and seek employment themselves. To the best of knowledge there are no other studies which have specifically examined the effects of father absence on mate preferences in either adolescent girls or boys with which to make direct comparison to the results obtained here. This is surprising as there is a bulk of literature examining the effects of father absence on sexual development and some of the most relevant literature is discussed her for comparison. In a sample of 160 college aged girls, Fleck et al (1980) found that there was a significant relationship between father absence, as defined in a psychological rather than a physical respect (e.g fathers may have been living at home but were uninterested in their daughters), and increased frequency of sexual behaviour and anxiety. In a similar study conducted by Ellis et al (2003) the impact of father absence on sexual activity and teenage pregnancy was examined in a large sample of girls from the USA (n = 242) and New Zealand (n = 520). Father absence was strongly statistically associated with early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. This relationship between father absence and increased sexual activity has been repeatedly confirmed within many other studies within the literature (Hendricks et al, 2005). However, this study found no differences between the time of first sexual encounter between girls whose fathers were present and girls whose fathers were absent. It is possib le that this is a consequence of methodological variation. In this study participants were asked to state when they preferred to engage in sexual behaviour with a new partner and when they would prefer a partner to want to have intercourse with them. Thus as this study asked about preferences and did not assess actual behaviour, this may account for the difference. In terms of the age of parental separation there is evidence that the earlier the separation occurred the earlier sexual intercourse begins. For example, Quinlan (2003) examined the relationship between female reproductive development in a sample of 10,847 women. They found that the timing of parental separation was associated with reproductive development. Parental separation between birth and five years of age predicted early menarche, an earlier age of first sexual intercourse, earlier first pregnancies and also a shorter duration of the first marriage. This study supports these results in some respect given that there was a near significant decrease in the desired time of first sexual intercourse with a new partner amongst those girls whose parents split before they were 13years old. A considerable body of evidence has also observed that there is a significant association between father absence and puberty in both boys and girls (Bogaert, 2005, Maestripieri et al, 2004). The differences between partner preference between girls with absent and present fathers may be related to this increased rate of developmental maturity. Girls who reach puberty faster may be more likely to experiment sexually at a younger age and consequently may prefer men older than themselves. The findings obtained in the current research are also interesting in light of the findings obtained in a sample of 83 girls aged between 11-14years assessed by Maestripieri et al (2004). It was shown that father absence was associated with greater interest in infants as assesses through preferences for photos of human and animal infants. The authors conclude that this shows that father absence is related to an earlier readiness for parenting. In this study participants were asked about the number of children they wanted to have with their partner(s) and these results can be compared to that of Maestripieri et al. In support of Maestripieri et al there was a near significant difference observed between the number of children desired by girls whose fathers were present or absent. Girls whose father’s were absent wanted to have more children (1.95) than girls whose fathers were present (1.81, U = 1696.0, p = .059). There are a number of limitations to the current study. The sample sizes of British and Chinese girls were not equal, that of the Chinese girls being considerably higher. Future research should focus on increasing the sample size of British girls. Examining differences within cultures other than the British and the Chinese, for example, African or Middle Eastern cultures in order to search for further cross cultural differences would also make an interesting extension to this study. In addition it is important to examine the relationship amongst boys in comparison to girls. The evidence suggests that boys with absent fathers are also likely to hit puberty earlier (Bogaert, 2005) then those with present fathers and this suggests that mate preferences would also be affected. In fact it seems reasonable to presume that the effects in males might be greater than that on females due to the loss of the same sex parents. Surprisingly, however, it appears that the literature has tended to focus on the effects in girls more often. It is hoped that subsequent research will aim to rectify this. This raises a related point, regarding the effects of mother absence on girls. As mothers tend to be the primary role model for girls, it is suggested that mother absence may be more likely to have more prominent effects in girls. However, as mother absence is much rarer that father absence, this would be a difficult study to conduct and recruitment would be time consuming. As mentioned earlier this study is also limited as it asks only about the desires and concerns of these girls and does not take into consideration the actual behaviour of the girls. It would be interesting to conduct a follow up study with the same sample in order to compare these desires to actual behaviour as assessed a number of years down the line. Or to conduct the same study in a sample of older women for comparison, for example the characteristics of the husbands of women in their 30’s and 40’s. Another possibly extension to this study would be to examine the possibility that father absence affects aspects of development other than mate preference. For example it might be interesting to assess the possibility that parental absence encourages homosexuality. In the current study the whole sample indicated that they were heterosexual and this illustrates the fact that in order to investigate this further a much larger sample size would be required. Examining the effects of parental absence on relationships aside from those of a romantic nature would also make an interesting extension. For example, father absence may have affect on peer relationships at school and sibling relationships within the family. Further research into the effects of father absence on aspects of personality, such as extraversion, introversion and neuroticism is also warranted given that Hendricks et al (2005) found that father absence had a detrimental affect on self esteem an affect which has been shown to be particularly pronounced in males (Miller, 1984). In a recent study, Huurre, Junkkari and Aro (2006), also found that individuals from families in which the parents divorced before the age of 16 were more likely to suffer from psychological problems, such as depression and were more likely to suffer from problems within their personal relationships. Again this suggests that further research into the affects of parent absence on personality and health is warranted. In conclusion, this study has assessed the effects of father absent and father presence on mate preferences in Chinese and British adolescent girls. It was concluded that there are significant differences in mate preference according to father presence. Girls whose fathers were present were significantly more concerned about the economic suitability of their future partners and were also significantly more concerned about the commitment of their future partners. This study also aimed to examine differences in mate choice according to the strength of the mother-daughter and the father-daughter relationship. Again it was concluded that there are differences apparent according to the strength of the relationship. There were some differences apparent between British and Chinese girls and these are presumed to be a consequence of cultural variation. References. Bogaert, A. F. (2005). Age at puberty and father absence in a national probability sample. Journal of Adolescence. 28(4) pp514-6. Buss, D.M. Barnes, M. (1986) Preferences in human mate selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, pp.559-570. Ellis, B. J., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Fergusson, D. M., Harwood, J., Pettit, G. S., Woodward, L. (2003). Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? Child Development, 74(3). pp801-821. Fleck, J.R., Fuller, C.C.,

The Jazz Age Essay -- essays research papers

The Jazz music of the Big Band Era was the peak of over thirty years of musical development. Jazz was so innovative and different that it could literally sweep the world, changing the musical styles of nearly every country. Big band Jazz that makes the feet tap and the heart race with excitement that it is recognized with nearly every type of music. The musical and cultural revolution that brought about Jazz was a direct result of African-Americans pursuing careers in the arts following the United States civil war. As slaves African-Americans has learned few European cultural traditions. With more freedom to pursue careers in the arts and bringing African artistic traditions to their work, African-Americans changed music and dance, not only in the U.S., but all over the world. For after the war, African American dancers and musicians created work that was not similar by hundreds of years of musical and dance traditions brought from the peasant villages of Europe. The music of Europe had a more base structure. European music through the nineteenth century was melodically based, with a square or waltz rhythmic structure. Differently, much African music has an organization which is based around rhythm and accent, rhythms and accents that may actually shift and move in relation to each other as the music progresses. The big change that took place in music rhythmically was the shift away from the rhythmic structure. African musical tradition tends to count towards the accented beat so that an African may count 2 on the same beat a European would count 1. It is typical of West African music to have rhythms of different lengths overlapping each other, creating shifting accents, sort of like a mix. Which is to say that by the late 1920's African-American Jazz music had developed a tradition where musicians put a strong rhythmic accent on "2" and "4" and melodic accents anywhere BUT on "1." The first popular musical trend in the United States produced by this African-European combination was Ragtime, which first achieved popularity in the late 19th century. Ragtime musicians often used what are called "ragged" rhythms. Ragged rhythms were African-influenced rhythms, shortened so that the accent was "off" the beat, instead of in rhythm with the beat. Ragtime musicians also occasionally used what were called "bl... ...and. For the next several years Henderson arranged tunes for Goodman band in a Jazz/Swing style. Henderson's arrangements are credited with helping sweep the Goodman band to national popularity the following year at the finish of an apparently unsuccessful cross-country tour in California. As it turned out, the radio broadcasts of the tour were scheduled too late for people in the east and midwest. On the west coast, however, the broadcasts gained a devoted audience who, surprising the band, swarmed its final concerts. And it was with Benny Goodman that the Swing big band boom began, and our narrative on Jazz draws to a close. After Goodman's dramatic success ignited the Big Band craze, excellent musicians who had been working as sidemen for other bands found encouragement to start their own bands. Bands led by the Dorseys, Glenn Miller, Bunny Berrigan, Lionel Hampton, Harry James, and Gene Krupa sprang into being.With big band Swing music in full bloom, it was only logical that jitterbug dancing should also rocket to national popularity, which it did. Jazz music had an amazing affect on the â€Å"Roaring Twenties.† It tells many stories of sadness, experience and most of all, life.

The Boy Who Will Never Be a Man :: Free Essay Writer

The Boy Who Will Never Be a Man I believe The Man Who Was Almost A Man is an example of imprudent youth. The story is of a boy who wants a gun for all the wrong reasons. His thoughts are of manhood. He associate a gun with manhood, yet fails miserably to understand the concept of manhood or the responsibility that’s closely connected with it. On the surface, the message of the story is that of a stupid, deceitful, unkind, violent, black boy with dreams of becoming a man with all its grandeur. As is seen in the text when the protagonist witness men in the field shooting their guns. The protagonist, known as Dave, decides promptly that he will purchase a gun and impress the men with his skill in handling the weapon (655). We see that Dave wishes dearly to gain the respect and power so closely associated with manhood. This man who is almost a man, deserves to be called â€Å"boy† at 17 and forever. Dave is not ready to be a man, he is not ready to except the responsibility allied with the designation of being a man. The story ends with a kindly white man being cheated out of $50 and the protagonist, the black boy-man, riding off into the night with nothing but anger, a gun and a long track record of poor judgment. Upon further examination, Dave appears to be less responsible for his shortcomings. His poverty is deep and his parents are awful and he has no future. In his environment there is practically no way he could grow up and develop self-respect and the respect of others. Dave is treated just like a mule, given no responsibility, not even the chance to hold on to part of his earnings. This is seen when Joe, the store owner ask â€Å"your ma letting you have your own money now?†(656). Dave doesn’t want a gun; he wants to be a man. This is a natural, healthy desire that hasn't yet been beat out of him. The fact that he thinks a gun will do the trick is ignorant, but the only solution his environment can have him imagine. Dave’s belief that having a gun will make him a man is ridiculous and repellent but as the story turns out, his pursuit of having a gun is his ticket out of town, his only hope for becoming a man.

The Charge of the Light Brigade Essay example -- English Literature

The Charge of the Light Brigade War poetry is a theme that has inspired many poets. Compare and contrast poems by 2 poets from different eras and cultures. Say which one you prefer and why. The two poems and the poets that I am going to look at are The Charge of the Light Brigade written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Dulce ET Decorum Est. Pro Patria Mori by Wilfred Owen. The first poem was written during the reign of Queen Victoria in England. During this time the Victorians as the people were called had a very religious outlook on life. The account was written by the poet because it was such a bad battle that the government couldn’t let the people see that it had made a great mistake and so it commissioned Tennyson to write the poem saying what a wonderful battle it had been. It was a cover up. The second poem was written by Wilfred Owen while he was on active service during the First World War. He was a young man and was against the terrible waste of life the First World War caused. He believed this was due to bad leadership by the generals. Wilfred Owen was able to experience the war as it really was whereas Tennyson never actually saw the battle he was writing about. Owens’s poem was written because he was in the war and wants to tell you what it was like in the war I am going to write about The Charge of The Light Brigade which is about the Crimean War which was fought between Russia on the one hand and Britain France and Turkey on the other. The charge of the light brigade occurred in November 1854 at Balaclava in the Crimea. The brave six hundred rode straight down a valley that was fortified at its end by many cannon served by Russian and Cossack gunners. The heroes were following confus... ...nces between the two poems are that in one the poet is saying that the war could not have gone any better, and the poem is telling you that the war was the worst one ever. Also The Charge of the Light Brigade has a â€Å"galloping† rhythm all most all the way through the poem. In the Dulce ET Decorum EST Pro Patria Mori poem there is no obvious rhythm to this poem and in fact the slow pace of the poem makes us think of the soldiers trudging through the muddy trenches. One was involved in fighting but Tennyson was simply writing about an event he’d read about and was against the cruelty and waste of life war brought whereas Tennyson wanted people to feel that war was honourable worthwhile and necessary. I prefer Dulce et Decorum est. as it is more realistic and makes me feel sorry for the men in the poem. Tennyson poem does not give a true account of the war.

Cross-cultural interaction Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The peripatetic traveler is the quintessential image of a globalised man. Today’s traveler is driven by the commercial forces of globalization and improved communications in the World which has seen travel and tourism grow as an industry. In the ancient and medieval ages however, when traveling was not that simple and safe, a few adventurists quite literally walked across the globe or what ever was known of it then. These were men as Benjamin of Tudela, Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, who covered vast spaces compared to capacity of transportation in the era in which they lived and have left rich sources of history documented in their travels. There is much debate over the relevance of the jottings made by these travelers to modern day history. Sceptics tend to question the authenticity and objectiveness as well as ability to portray a correct picture of a cross cultural interaction which these travelers tend to pursue from their own perspective. Travel literature has substantial relevance in providing authentic information of cross cultural interaction, the cross cultural trends, a perception of cross cultural association between people and is proving to be a good source of authentic and endearing history today as it provides a perspective in today’s world through an understanding of medieval religion and cultures. Information of cross-cultural interaction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ancient and medieval times were denoted by lack of developed communications and modes of interaction for travel. There were also very limited historical recordings and what ever existed was at the behest of the ruling cliques, thereby making it biased. The historian today is left with primary records which are substantiated by such travelogues for a dispassionate view of cross cultural interaction. Thus travelogues do serve as important benchmark documents for historical purpose. This would be evident from recounting of travels through the Middle East during the medieval period in the writings of Benjamin of Tuleda, which tends to support the various historical happenings during the period by sources from both sides of the Islam and Christian divide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Travelers as Benjamin who was a Jew could also benefit from interaction with those of his community who were spread across the region. Since the Jews were relatively unbiased during the period of the Crusades, their observations supplanted the travelers own perception providing further substance to the history of the region. While some may consider it as not the purest form of notation, in denoting cross cultural trends it could be considered more than appropriate and accurate. The excessive focus on the state of the Jews in Benjamin’s writing however to some extent indicates that the view of culture is primarily from an overly Semitic perspective of a Rabbi and authenticity is probably sacrificed but then a deeper reading would overcome this perception. Battuta’s writings span a much large cross cultural area extending from Jerusalem, Damascus, Syria, and East Africa while Marco Polo’s travelogues are also very genuine impressions of cross cultural trends. Each of the chapters he writes covers the various aspects of a particularly community that he has observed be it the cropping pattern, food habits and the monarchical way of governance. Marco very assiduously provides an overview of each facet in great detail. Perceptive Observers Providing Authenticity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intention of the travelers in their journey was multi focal. Thus some such as Benjamin did it for the purpose of seeking opportunities of trade or to find out about the state of personnel of his own community residing in various parts of the Middle East after being persecuted in their native lands. The meticulous recording of ethnographic details in his writing provides very insightful observations on cross cultural trends which highlights the capacity of its originator. Thus we find in Benjamin’s writings the details of how and when the Egyptian monarch travels, what are the proclivities of the people during various periods and the rivalries that existed even in those time between Cairo and Baghdad. It is also relevant to see that a person traveling beyond his immediate geographical and cultural setting would also be keen to obtain fresh insights into the lives of other communities. Thus observations of Marco Polo need to be taken note off with greater acceptance of the fidelity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The meticulous logging of the timings in terms of a virtual daily log provides an excellent record of the period, the state of development, the manner in which communities lived and the state of their culture in vivid details. Ibn Battuta who was overwhelmed by the need to travel and thus sets out from his native place at the tender age of 22 years, is also a very keen observer and thus his recordings attain a high quality of relevance particularly in the cross cultural context. His descriptive writings on Cairo or Alexandria are very perceptive providing an innate understanding of the era. The description of events, the handling of camels, the holding of ceremonies all are very effectively portrayed by the traveler, giving a good understanding of the period. The meticulous recording of customs such as movement of women naked in some societies as in Mali and cannibalism are stark etchings on the history of a cross cultural trend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco Polo again has provided   a wealth of material on cross cultural trends which denotes an excellent eye for detail and power of observation across a large expanse of area from Europe to China, Tibet to India and other areas. The burning of, â€Å"black stones†, is perhaps a recorded intervention by Marco, which indicates the level and depth of his observations. Marco’s observation are supplemented by a comparison between various cultures be it Chinese, Middle Eastern or Central Asian traditions of Bokhara. This provides a deep insight into cultural happenings of the era. Perspective of Modern Day Understanding   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today Islam and the West appear to be undergoing a serious crisis, some view it as a clash of civilization matching. There is very limited understanding of each others religions, traditions, culture and ideological basis. This is truly surprising given the proliferation of modern knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the writings of travelers as Benjamin of Tudela who traversed the Middle East in the 12th Century which provides us a deeper understanding of the roots of this civilizational divide thereby enhancing our understanding of happenings in today’s World. Being a Rabbi from Spain, Benjamin was relatively detached to enable a more objective assessment of the conflict which was occurring between Islam and Christianity in the medieval ages. His tour of the principal areas of the Middle East as well as Europe and Asia provided a fresh insight not just into the period but also the cross cultural linkages between these areas over the ages. The peace and prosperity in Egypt described so authentically by Benjamin provide an excellent insight in the functioning of well governed medieval states. The clash between Saladin and the Christians and the moves and counter moves of the period have been very vividly portrayed by Benjamin denoting how Islam was revived between the period of the Second and the Third Crusades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today when we see a similar up rise in Islam which is spearheaded not by the likes of Saladin, but terrorist leaders as Osama Bin Laden, Benjamin’s travels can provide a better counter cultural perspective. A similar understanding of the culture of the Middle East is provided in the writings of Ibn Battuta which can provide us a perspective from an Islamic traveler’s point of view in a different age over three centuries apart and covering some of the same areas. In each of the places that he visits Battuta makes mention of specifics which indicate a keen eye for detail. It is natural that a person with a good view of the details will remain also particular of the accuracy of his writings. Thus enhancing their historical value. The writings provide a cross cultural dimension of the transformation that has take place in these areas over these years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marco’s writings on Tibet are another issue which enables us to correlate between the state and relations of Tibet between the modern and the medieval periods. The fascination which the Chinese felt for Tibet even then is evident as Marco observes their repeated forays to gain hold of territory which they see as a great expanse with its many provinces, the customs of the people, their mastiffs and bamboo cropping are thus set to be matching. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus it would be seen that the travelogues of Marco Polo, Ibn Batttuta and Benjamin of Tudela are important documents as they provide authentic information of cross cultural interaction, denote cross cultural trends, enhance the perception of cross cultural association between people and prove good sources of authentic and endearing history, thereby providing better modern day understanding and background of medieval religion and cultures as in the Middle East.       References Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa. 2004. The Travels of Marco Polo, Volume 1 and 2. E-text prepared by Charles Franks, Robert Connal, John Williams, and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10636/10636-8.txt (VOLUME I). http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12410/12410-8.txt (VOLUME II). (20 November 2006) Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. Nd. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html (20 November 2006) The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela. 1907. Philipp Feldheim, inc The house of the Jewish book. New York. gutenberg.org/files/14981/14981-h/14981-h.htm. (20 November 2006).

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constituion

The advantages of an unwritten constitution far outweigh the disadvantages (40) You must make a judgement. A constitution is a set of rules that establish duties and functions of the government and defines the basic principles to which society must conform. In this essay I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an unwritten constitution and show that I agree with this statement.On one hand, if a written constitution was introduced it would affect the power of government, relationship between judges and politician and individual freedoms and rights. One argument is that a written constitution would make the rules of the country clearer, as constitutional rules would be collected together and put into a single document and therefore more clearly defined than in an unwritten constitution where the laws, rights and rules are spread across many documents.Thus, a written constitution would create less confusion and the meaning about laws and rights may be greater enforced. Howeve r, a written constitution is unnecessary in countries who do not have one as many believe that the unwritten constitutional nature of, for example, UK politics has ensured a long history of democracy, and written constitutions may not be the most effective way of limiting government power. A written constitution may also have an educational value as it highlights the central values and goals in the political system.This may strengthen the populations feeling of belonging to the country as it creates a clearer sense of political identity. Furthermore, if these citizens feel a sense of belonging to a country they are more likely to become involved in, and be interested in what is going on in their country. On the other hand a written constitution can be considered rigid. With written constitutions a higher law is more difficult to change and it is easier and quicker to introduce an Act of Parliament than to alter a constitution.Due to this inflexible nature of a written constitution i t is difficult to ensure the constitution is up to date and relevant to current times as they cannot be changed easily and therefore it is harder for the government to respond to changing social, economic and political circumstances. Unwritten constitutions are flexible as they are not entrenched, and flexibility is extremely important and useful as the modern day is constantly changing. The strongest argument in favour of a written constitution is that it would protect the rights of its citizens and individual liberty would be more securely protected.The rights would become more clearly defined due to a written constitution and perhaps easier to enforce than an unwritten constitution because it is difficult to be completely sure of what your rights are, these rights can be defined through a bill of rights in the written constitution. However, just because there is a written constitution does not ensure the rights of a countries citizens will receive their rights – rather, it could lead to an elective dictatorship which might further restrict rights and may go on to persecute some of its citizens, which happened in Germany and resulted in the Second World War.Another disadvantage of a written constitution is that there may be tyranny within the judiciary. Judges are unelected and socially do not represent the population which could lead to a democratic deficit because of a lack of democratic legitimacy, as the public could be subjected to opinions which they do not agree with but have been implemented due to the preferences of senior judges.On the other hand, another advantage of a written constitution is that it would end elective dictatorship, where, as long as a government is elected, it can effectively do as it wishes because it often maintains a majority over the House of Commons and therefore can pass any laws it wishes to. Also, a written constitution would prevent a government from interfering with any higher laws because there would be a higher law safeguarding the constitution. To conclude, I believe that the advantages of an unwritten constitution far outweighs the disadvantages because it has always worked so changing it would be a waste of time, effort and money.In the UK there has been no constitutional crisis or major confusion over what rights citizens have but it remains stable and a part of the county’s history. Although an unwritten constitution may be considered too flexible which causes government to almost do as they wish, a written constitution would be far too rigid and would cause major difficulties when wanting to change certain laws, and it would also be difficult to agree on what a new constitution would contain.

What type of man that girls are attracted to?

Kind and helpful men make women feel protected and safe. Friendly men are people who are easy to approach and make others feel comfortable. The reason why there are not so many women are attracted by artist men is because artists are sensitive and inconstant. It's hard to keep a relationship that both side need to be understand. And women always need loyalty from their boyfriends. Beyond good characteristics, men also need talents to attract women. Most women (31 said that men look cool when they play sports, 24% like men who can cook or make handmade things, 17% like men who play music, 13% like singers.But only 2% attracted by men who can make doll dress. Women like healthy men and playing sports Is the best way to show healthy and energetic. And nothing more romantic than eating a meal or receiving a gift made by your own boyfriends. Making dress or hat they were gays. Moreover, background is also a factor that should be mention. According to the result of some surveys that have b een carried out recently, one of the most important women often care about men is about their background: 83% people commit that they often take men's background under consideration while Just only 17% of them say that this is not important.In the past, women used to suffer from discrimination a lot. They were totally dependent on their husband without having any human rights or making decisions of their own. That is why men's background was not taken into inconsideration to women especially in under-developed countries. Apparently, men in today's life also hold different attitude toward the role of women, especially those for whom they are fall in love. It is believed that the track of conquering a girl's heart is a tough one. Not only is appearance critical point but also men's background.According to some recent surveys, women tend to pay attention to three aspects from a guy's background: family, education (occupation) and personality background. Among these criterion, women see m to focus mostly on the education base. From some statistics, 60% of women say a man's knowledge is the critical point in forming his future life, 25% of them care about men's characteristic and the rest want to know more about men's family. It is not strange that girls often have intention of studying about their boyfriends' family during dating stage.They may have questions about guys' parents including their Jobs, personality†¦ There are many people who have their own prejudice toward others. That is why keep dating with a boy whose family members make you feel uncomfortable is annoying. Unlike the old stage in which women do nothing but obey heir men as well as their families completely ,today's society allows women to have the right of choosing the most suitable man for them. The second idea is related to the education background of men. Currently, men are supposed to play the main part in the families.For households which women do not go to work, all of financial issues become men's loads. In case of undergraduate guys, girls need to know about their major, strong as well as weak points. Dating with an intelligent and hard- working boy seems to be more attractive than hanging out with a lazy one. Good man in modern life should also have great personality. This may seem an ambiguous aspect concerning men's background since each individual has his/her own characteristic that tend to be maintained for a whole-life time.According to the researchers, this all makes sense. â€Å"Knowing that someone is persistent, ambitious and sexy, tells you nothing about how that person really is,† comments researcher Paul Ecstatic. â€Å"It makes no sense finding a partner based on personality traits. â€Å"However, the first impression about one's personality is supposed to be the key point for men in appealing women. It cannot be denied that men's personality is revealed most clearly during flirting stage. Modern women have different tastes of men's charac teristic.According to a survey that study about the ideal kind of men and do romantic things for them. To sum up, women living in today's society are much more different from those who belong to the past. Not only there are differences in position in life but also in human rights especially in choosing a suitable individual for them concerning family, education and personality background. Beside family background, women also care about education background of men. Currently, men are supposed to play the main part in the family economy.In he case of undergraduate guys, girls will want to know about their major, their school and how hard they study. Dating with an intelligent and hard-working guy seems to be more attractive than hanging out with a lazy one. That is all about the ideal man of woman. Next, the research is continued with the remaining gender: male. Researchers have conducted a survey on 1500 men, showed them the survey results and asked them what they think about the stu dy. Surprisingly, the majority of this group agree that woman's too much expectation from her man being idealization is risky.By seeing the list of priorities sought by many modern women, it bevels the truth that many of the modern women seeking their men of their liking are not grown much in mental maturity though happened to have possessed much more educational qualifications. Those men said that woman are too influenced by the media and films, thus, they have an unrealistic expectation of themselves or a potential life partner â€Å"Women these days are more demanding, before expecting much from man, its better to ascertain self first† said M. Chine – one from the survey.Consequently, the survey showed the contrast between men and women about the image of the ideal men. While most of women set for themselves those ideal models, he men do not seem to be in agreement with this point of view â€Å"Women these days are more demanding† – said M. Chine The g raph shows the identification of men about women's requirement. The majority of those men(75%) think that women ‘s expectation today is much higher than in the past. Only a few (6%) agree with this data number. 13 percent of those express a neutral opinion. And the 6 percent left strongly protest against the sentiments.Beside men's option, parents also have their own ideal. Unlike Stationmasters women, Asian women are more like to concern about the parents' approval before starting a relationship of marriage. According to Dry Facet, from Bristol University, he said: ‘Parents want all their daughters to end up with the same level of support, so to achieve this they give more to daughters who have less from their partner. ‘But this leads to conflict over mate choice because daughters can afford to choose an unsupported partner in the knowledge their parents will pick up the slack. He added: ‘The conflict over parental choice. ‘ At the time, it's critical that the daughter stop playing defense. There are reasons that make perfect sense to the parents about why the boyfriend is not the right guy for heir daughter and she's not going to be able to change their minds if she is not look at the same perspective and point of views of the parents. As Asian traditional culture, women must Respect the parents even though they don't approve the relationship. The parents have been around for many years and have more experience in relationship department.Also, the parents can evaluate the pros and cons, most of the daughter in the research, they stated that: â€Å"Parents' disapproval is a sign that you should stop your relationship. † Communicating is also one of the best ways to do when there is no approval. Talking o the parents of both sides to ensure that they all understand the situation and personalities of the boyfriend and even girlfriends so that might conduct a better result and changing the parents' approval through the time a s long as the boyfriend's respect to the parents of the women.Graph Explanation: The pie chart illustrates the opinion of 100 ladies at the age from 18-25 years old on the survey question that â€Å"Is parents' approval affected by the first appearance of daughter's boyfriend? † there is 76% of ladies say yes that the first appearance is important factor for her parents' approval on her relationship; while another 24% says their parents don't care about the first appearance. So what should the daughter do when her parents did not approve for the relationship?Graph Explanation: The graph above was a result of 100 ladies' willingness to do when their parents do not approve for the relationship with their mate. There were 67% of ladies stated that communicating and trying to convincing their parents can help for you relationship get better. Another 20% stated that love is much more important than only one approval; therefore, leaving home with the partner is referred choice whil e there are mom of 43% would keep their relationship regardless the parents' approval. Therefore, parents play an important role in their daughter's choice of mate regarding a serious relationship.In Asian family, daughter still must give the authority to the parents to choose the boyfriend. First appearance of the boyfriend is one of the most important factors that affect the relationship; most parents like the standard appearance for their daughter, which is neat, gentle and knowledge gentleman, to ensure the happy life in the future for their daughter. Ill. CONCLUSION: most suitable with them. All of aspects were mentioned this the former part are the most common standard on which the women based to choose the good men. Therefore, they can be read by men so as to help the men succeed in love.

Barrack Obama

Barrack Obama is going to be one of the great leaders that America ever have in its history. He is going to rejuvenate the country and bringing it back to life. His dynamic leadership will infuse a new spirit of hope into it. Presently America is faced with myriad of problems on various fronts and a very vibrant leadership is required to bring it back on the track towards progress. Barrack Obama is the man who can do all this efficiently. He has declared in his speeches that he is going to end the war in Iraq and this way he is going to plug the drain on the huge budgetary spending on this intensely disturbing and money-wasting war.I will also vote for him for the reason that he is going to bring our boys back from the unkind soil of Iraq. His economic policy are sustainable and have human element in them. He says that he believes in â€Å"an economy that honors the dignity of work. † (Democratic Convention Speech, 2008) He also does not believe in conventional racial theories prorogated by earliest Afro-American leaders and looks forward for homogeneous society. (Race Speech, 2008)I will vote for barrack Obama because he has said that he is going to finish Al-qaeda hideouts in Afghanistan and that he will crush them to death even if he has to enter into the land of Pakistan. He said in this regard: â€Å"The first step must be getting off the wrong battlefield in Iraq, and taking the fight to the terrorists in Afghanistan and Pakistan. † (Obama, 2007) On the front of economy for the reason that eight years of George Bush and his party’s rule has just given birth to unemployment, budgetary deficit and a big pile of loans. The image of my country has also been tarnished greatly because of their policies.So I don’t want that party to have another four years in the presidential office. The speeches of barrack Obama has made me very optimistic that when Obama will enter into the presidential office he will, by strong, vibrant and meaning ful steps, uplift the economy and put it on the tack towards success and development. All above-mentioned arguments clearly manifest that Obama is a right selection to be voted as next U. S. president in these hard times as he is determined and devoted toward the cause of democratic world which is less prone to terrorism. He agenda is not only American but is universal in nature. Works CitedObama, Barak. Remarks of Senator Obama: The War We Need to Win. 20 January, 2008. Retrieved on 08 September 2008. Available at: http://www. barackobama. com/2007/08/01/the_war_we_need_to_win. php Obama, Barak. Barack Obama Democratic Convention Speech. The Huffington Post. August 28, 2008. Retrieved on 08 September 2008. Available at: